En simple y luego extensivo, en dos puntos clave:
La obligatoriedad en la exclusividad: Esta condición perjudica directamente con las potenciales opciones que tiene el autor, cualquier autor nacional, de resultar ganador en algún premio. Si escribo un cuento genial, lo lógico es tener varias oportunidades en distintas postulaciones y no solo una. Este principio atenta y ha atentado siempre directamente, CONTRA el autor.
Y el segundo, es la sobrevaloración de lo inédito. Esto de lo inédito es como el principio de primicia en el periodismo. La primicia es uno de los factores más profundos en la crisis del periodismo. En un mundo inmediato, la primicia es lo más relevante que se come el puesto de la calidad, de la confianza y de la veracidad de la información.
Acá es similar, el pedir todo inédito (excluir obras desde apariciones en un blog personal a algún concurso escolar por ejemplo) es poner foco y concentrar llamado a un espectro muy reducido de escritores que están dispuestos a aceptar este injusto protocolo.
La industria del libro efectivamente debe tener subsidio cultural del E°, no hay ninguna segunda revisión a esto, así lo hicieron antiguos reinos que hoy admiramos y que comprendieron esta relación vinculante entre la cultura y el Estado y así lo hacen países en la actualidad que se reconocen internacionalmente en este punto. Sin embargo, es infinitamente más importante 1) apoyar al autor y 2) al fomento lector.
El caso de Chile es emblemático. Son convocatorias que están elaboradas y diseñadas para potenciar una industria masiva y bueno, mainstream (modas y tendencias).
Es así como en este país tenemos una industria del libro bastante poderosa, con abundancia de librerías en las calles y hasta poderosos holdings o millonarios particulares vinculados a la industria, pero tenemos, sin contar a Isabel Allende que es nacida y criada en EEUU, unos tres autores que pueden vivir realmente de sus obras. O sea, digamos que en un país de 19MM de habitantes solo 3 pueden ostentar una condición quiere decir que al caso, es mérito solo de ellos. Podría entrar y desglosar más aún las carreras y como ellos crecieron como escritores y el resultado sería aún menos auspicioso: personas que tuvieron la oportunidad de ser. Por ejemplo, un maestro en el colegio vinculado a la literatura que ve tu talento desde pequeño y hace de mentor. O un tío con mucho dinero que quiere apoyar a su sobrino escritor. Y es que en Chile el perfil Bolaño (solo por categorizarlo de una manera porque Bolaño creció en México y allá hizo carrera, no acá donde volvió cuando ya era célebre), me refiero al perfil del escritor que postula a fondos, gana unos cuantos, edita pobremente su primera novela hasta que lo descubre una editorial grande y comienza el ascenso en su carrera. Ese perfil, típico de autores de EEUU o de Europa no existe en Chile y esto es muy grave en contexto de lo que se reflexiona acá.
A pesar de tener una mega industria subvencionada desde la rentabilidad, la carencia de visibilidad de autores es crítica. Porque no es que los autores escritores no estén ahí, uno de los aprendizajes mayores al comenzar a dedicarme a esto es ir descubriendo una cantidad enorme de autores en la sombra, sin apoyos, vagos en departamentos culturales, ya que al contrario, sí, están ahí buscando su espacio en la sociedad, solo que nadie los ve.
Y el otro punto es el fomento a la lectura. Si bien es cierto que hay programas y convocatorias en esta línea, son muy pocas o ninguna las iniciativas concentradas, fundamentadas en el fomento lector. Lo que hacen, es ofrecer x convocatoria con mensaje al fomento, convocatoria que se defiende en ese contexto en las reuniones de presupuesto u otras importantes donde se deciden estas cosas. A todos los involucrados en el proceso, en su mayoría operadores políticos o funcionarios deficientes, les dicen que plan x apoyará el fomento lector, pero lo que nadie explica ni dicen, la famosa letra chica que es de los abusos más comunes en este país, que ese apoyo lo llevan en realidad por medio de ayudas a la industria y no al fomento lector propiamente tal.
La idea, principalmente de derecha o del neoliberalismo, es que si crece la industria, crece el fomento, pero esa idea es una completa falacia por donde se tome. Ejemplo básico: un plan coordinado entre el E° y una licitación pública para editoriales chilenas para lanzar una colección de libros clásicos también de autores chilenos para niños de 4to a 8vo básico de Chile. Que cada niño se quede con al menos un libro, es el objetivo final, es la utopía. Entonces lo que hacen acá es que el E° organiza programa, desde su origen a su aprobación, el programa pasa por varias manos que lo intervienen según sus intereses hasta la licitación, que paradójicamente se le gana el sobrino de alguien vinculado en la oligarquía y, como el nepotismo impera por acá, no se la lleva una editorial capaz de regiones con voluntad literaria, sino una mega editorial transnacional a la cual le importa un comino el verdadero impacto. Y al final, del lindo plan x original que llevaría 1 libro a cada niño, el capital queda exiguo en el flujo inescrupuloso y no alcanzan ni a cubrir el 30% de los niños y para peor, 10% de esos niños resultan del mundo privado particular que no deberían ni recibir estas ayudas directamente, ya que las deberían promover sus propias instituciones gracias a los recursos que ostentan. Casos similares a este de fantasía, hay muchísimos en Chile.
El fundamento que se utiliza desde las autoridades, siempre es lo mismo, darle equidad a las oportunidades. Y así transcurren las convocatorias sin pena ni gloria, año tras año, gobierno tras gobierno, funcionarios tras funcionarios. Y luego lo más insólito es que justifican que no hay recursos o que no hay estructura para estos planes, pero es el foco y la burocracia los que los entorpecen. Siendo explícito: la voluntad política que se ostenta detrás.
Iniciativas de fomento lector hay varios ejemplos; intercambio en el metro, en establecimientos educacionales o en rincones comerciales. El punto, es que para poder llevar una campaña de fomento lector debe estar la lectura y no la industria, como la prioridad que encabeza el plan. Esto es que las acciones que se ejecutan en el tramo vayan en directo impacto al fomento y no a la industria, como es hoy.
En el fondo, es un tema de prioridades y la prioridad en el Chile de hoy e histórica desde 1940 aprox. en adelante es la industria, en todo aspecto y gremio, y no el fomento a la lectura o a los autores en este ámbito específico.
A este lamentable escenario se suman otros dos elementos irrisorios en las postulaciones a convocatorias literarias. El primero de ellos es las bases. Las bases deberían ser máximo 10 puntos breves, bien explicados que limitan las condiciones de la convocatoria y no un manifiesto eterno de páginas agotadoras, contradictorias y poco claras.
El segundo es la difusión o más bien, la comunicación que proveen que son ridículamente complejas e inentendibles, es la eterna pata coja de éstas. Qué manera de informar mal y tener una comunicación tan precaria, tan limitante, tan primitiva.
Y la difusión; en mi experiencia, para poder abarcar informativamente el plano de las convocatorias existentes, he tenido que llenarme de alertas con palabras claves, inscribirme en aplicaciones o directorios y apuntar cada cosas relacionada con su investigación posterior, porque por muy insólito que parece, pueden lanzar un concurso nacional y que la mitad de los posibles candidatos ni se enteren de la convocatoria porque informan en canales muy cerrados como solo TV, o solo radio. Esto sucede porque no entienden eficazmente a quienes deben ir dirigidas las convocatorias o más bien, como se explica antes, es el foco en la industria que hace que quizás, tengan buena difusión en librerías, pero pésima difusión para los autores. ¿Quién es el cliente/usuario del fondo; el autor o la industria?
Otro punto interesante es la nomenclatura. Los funcionarios públicos que diseñan estas cosas deberían consultar el diccionario primero porque en su ingenuidad, usan el término que conocen. Porque culturalmente, por tradición oral mal desarrollada, en Chile hablamos que cualquier convocatoria es un premio o un concurso y eso confunde mucho la bajada de cuáles son las instancias posibles, además de que es una problemática que se replica en varios casos de posibles beneficios del E°. Pero bueno, no me quiero extender en este punto, solo mencionarlo y que quede registro.
Lo central en todo esto es la voluntad en las prioridades para optar con decisión concreta a plataformas efectivas y no de cartón. Con ello, levantar esa masa crítica de autores incivilizados y darles la posibilidad de hacer carrera, como cualquier otro oficio, como sucede en el mundo desarrollado.
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